{"id":19451,"date":"2023-03-15T10:39:42","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T10:39:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/moccasin-salamander-458028.hostingersite.com\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%8f%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%85-%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9\/"},"modified":"2023-03-15T10:39:42","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T10:39:42","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%8f%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%85-%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/b-gate.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%8f%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%85-%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 Amschel Rothschild \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u00ab\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Donnez \u2013 moi le contr\u00f4le de la monnaie<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">et je me passerai de ceux qui font les lois<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 monnaies fiduciaires \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 monnaies scripturales \u0627\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 Laure Nurit-Pontier \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 Nantes \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 126 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0646 Le Statut Juridique de La Monnaie Etrang\u00e8re \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 R 30-11 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019article R30-11 a une port\u00e9e pratique extr\u00eamement limit\u00e9e. En effet une lecture attentive du texte montre que son champ d\u2019application est beaucoup plus restreint qu\u203ail n\u2019y para\u00eet, puisque seuls les paiements fiduciaires semblent avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 envisag\u00e9s par le texte. En effet l\u2019article R 30-11, en \u00e9voquant \u00ables esp\u00e8ces\u00bb ou encore \u00abla monnaie non fausse\u00bb, ne saurait raisonnablement \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme applicable aux paiements scripturaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b) \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 Nurit-Pontier \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 33 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u2019une mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, il convient de remarquer, qu\u2019au moins pour ce qui concerne les contrats purement internes, la d\u00e9cision de libeller l\u2019obligation de l\u2019une des parties (ou des deux) en monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re n\u2019a d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat que dans les cas o\u00f9 le paiement ne fait pas imm\u00e9diatement suite \u00e0 la transaction, ou encore quand l\u2019op\u00e9ration consiste en une suite de prestations qui doivent se poursuivre pendant un certain temps. Dans de telles hypoth\u00e8ses, en effet, le recours \u00e0 une monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re pour libeller leurs obligations, traduit la volont\u00e9 des parties d\u2019obtenir, au moment du paiement, une valeur aussi proche que possible de celle qu\u2019elles auraient obtenu dans le cas de paiement imm\u00e9diate. La monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re est envisag\u00e9e comme le moyen de faire \u00e9chec \u00e0 la d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation de la monnaie nationale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b) \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 7 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 7 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 R 30-11 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 319 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 319 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 65 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 75 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 319 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 Nurit-Pontier \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le cours l\u00e9gal instaur\u00e9 en 1870, est assorti d\u2019une sanction p\u00e9nale, contenu dans l\u2019ancien article 475 du code p\u00e9nal, devenu l\u2019article R 30-11, qui \u00e9rige en contravention \u00ab le refus de recevoir les esp\u00e8ces et monnaies nationales non fausses ni alt\u00e9r\u00e9es selon la valeur pour laquelle elles ont cours \u00bb Page 125<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De surcro\u00eet, le principe m\u00eame d\u2019interpr\u00e9tation stricte des dispositions p\u00e9nales emp\u00eache toute extension de l\u2019application du texte a des tels paiements ( paiements scripturaux) Page 126<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b) \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a le cours forc\u00e9 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 Bruxelles \u0639\u0627\u06451920 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 Nurit-Pontier \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 123 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet la Banque de France est bien dispens\u00e9e de donner de l\u2019or ou de l\u2019argent, mais cela ne peut en aucun cas justifier qu\u2019un d\u00e9biteur soit, lui, dispens\u00e9 de fournir de telles esp\u00e8ces d\u2019or ou d\u2019argent s il en a pris l\u2019engagement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ainsi selon la Cour d\u2019appel le cours forc\u00e9 ne r\u00e9git que les rapports du d\u00e9tenteur de billets de la Banque de France, et ne peut en aucun cas faire \u00e9chec au principe fondamental de libert\u00e9 des conventions qui continuer \u00e0 r\u00e9gir les rapports cr\u00e9ancier- d\u00e9biteur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b) \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a (\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b) \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 Nurit-Pontier \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 127 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet en, le cours l\u00e9gal donne \u00e0 la monnaie nationale un pouvoir lib\u00e9ratoire absolu. Doit-on pour autant en conclure que tout pouvoir lib\u00e9ratoire est exclu pour toute autre monnaie?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certainement pas: donner un certain pouvoir lib\u00e9ratoire \u00e0 une monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re, ne retire rien au caract\u00e8re absolu du pouvoir lib\u00e9ratoire de la monnaie nationale. Chaque fois qu\u2019un paiement sera propos\u00e9 en francs, il lib\u00e9rera le d\u00e9biteur et ce, m\u00eame si l\u2019on admet qu\u2019un paiement dans une autre monnaie puisse \u00e9galement \u00eatre de nature \u00e0 le lib\u00e9rer, si une telle hypoth\u00e8se a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9vue dans sa convention avec le cr\u00e9ancier<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b) \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 M savatier \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 M Malaisie \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0635\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 127 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 Nurit-Pontier<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M Savatier, \u00e9crit-il: on ne voit pas en quoi cela (le cours l\u00e9gal) emp\u00eacherait les monnaies \u00e9trang\u00e8res d\u2019\u00eatre en France, des marchandises librement n\u00e9goci\u00e9es, et dont, par cons\u00e9quent, la livraison peut \u00eatre librement stipul\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M Malaisie: \u00ab Ce n\u2019est pas le cours l\u00e9gal qui peut interdire de faire de la monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re une monnaie de paiement. Sans doute est-il de principe que tout paiement fait en France doit \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 en monnaie fran\u00e7aise, ce qui g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement r\u00e9sorbe la clause libell\u00e9e en monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re en monnaie de compte, mais pendant longtemps ce ne fut pas un principe g\u00eanant car la monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re pouvait \u00eatre, comme toute marchandise, l\u2019objet d\u2019un contrat et non plus seulement instrument de compte \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a cours forc\u00e9 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a cours forc\u00e9 ( \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a cours l\u00e9gal \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 124 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 Nurit-Pontier<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet s\u2019il a d\u2019abord pu para\u00eetre normal, en p\u00e9riode de cours forc\u00e9, ou la convertibilit\u00e9 en or est suspendue, de condamner les clauses or, l\u2019interdiction des clauses monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re est beaucoup plus arbitraire, dans la mesure o\u00f9 toutes les monnaies sont d\u00e9sormais d\u00e9tach\u00e9es de l\u2019or. D\u00e8s lors, l\u2019on ne saurait raisonnablement assimiler or et monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re, alors que ces derni\u00e8res n\u2019ont plus aucun rapport avec lui, et l\u2019argumentation qui pouvait rendre \u00e0 interdire les clauses de paiement en or ne saurait valoir pour les clauses de paiement en monnaie \u00e9trang\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u064a \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 85% \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0640 65% \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0640\u00bb\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u00bb. \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 13 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2022 (\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une banque centrale est tenue responsable lorsqu\u2019elle-m\u00eame ou les personnes qu\u2019elle a habilit\u00e9es \u00e0 agir en son nom ont agi en m\u00e9connaissance grave de leur obligation de diligence.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 Amschel Rothschild \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u00ab\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u00bb. Donnez \u2013 moi le contr\u00f4le de la monnaie et je me passerai de ceux qui font les lois \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13302,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[179],"tags":[232,176],"class_list":["post-19451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-179","tag-232","tag-176"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.9 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627 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property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-03-15T10:39:42+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-15T10:39:42+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/share\/16Y6EQhvpi\/?mibextid=wwXIfr\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629! - B-gate Magazine\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 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